The company’s announcement has been dogged by questions about whether it improperly used work from another research team or sought to deny credit — allegations OpenAI denies.

A mathematician compared the feat to the history-making chess competition in which IBM’s Deep Blue computer beat Garry Kasparov in 1997

As companies entrust AI systems with increasingly valuable intellectual property, the policies governing model training, retention and access become part of the technical architecture, not simply language in a privacy statement.