The effects of the radiation environment on the instruments of the XMM-Newton spacecraft were modeled with GEANT4 prior to launch by the European Space Agency in 1999. XMM-Newton carries the most ...

Thanks to the recent improvements in laser peak power, energy density, laser temporal contrast and to the large investigation of suitable target materials, in the last two decades, several groups ...

Software first created for basic research in particle-physics has been used to improve cancer therapy techniques that use high-energy beams of hadrons. Researchers in Germany used the GEANT4 toolkit ...

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are materials that make the tumor cells more radiosensitive when irradiated with ionizing radiation. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of different physical ...