Researchers at the Huaqiao University in China have fabricated a four-terminal (4T) perovskite-silicon solar cell with a top cell based on a perovskite material with an energy bandgap of 1.67 and ...

Figure 1. Ultrasonic testing using pulse echo and through-transmission methods. Pulse echo (left and center) uses a transducer that sends and receives ultrasound energy, producing both A- and B-scan ...

Defect states refer to electronic energy levels that arise from imperfections or irregularities in the crystal structure of materials, particularly in semiconductors and insulators. These ...

In addition to surface and subsurface defects, residual stress represents a concern. Over time, these stress points, ...