At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Researchers demonstrate a novel method for transforming continuous time crystals into discrete ones using subharmonic injection locking, offering new insights into symmetry breaking and control in ...

Physicists have shown that Markov processes, widely used to model complex systems, must unfold over a larger space than previously assumed. Scientists believe that time is continuous, not discrete -- ...

Sigma-delta converters are in wide use among applications that demand high precision and accuracy. A variant of the sigma-delta architecture, called the continuous-time sigma delta (CT-S?), has found ...

Keeping data alive in this environment requires more than capacity. It requires power systems designed for endurance ...

Hybrid quantum error correction technique integrates continuous and discrete variables by National Research Council of Science and Technology Editors' notes ...