What is our Universe made out of? At a fundamental level, to the best of our knowledge, the answer is simple: particles and fields. The type of matter that makes up humans, Earth, and all the stars, ...

The universe has cooked up all sorts of bizarre and beautiful forms of matter, from blazing stars to purring cats, out of just three basic ingredients. Electrons and two types of quarks, dubbed “up” ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. The Universe is out there, waiting for you to discover it. What is the Universe, at a fundamental level, truly made out of? Is ...

The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

It has been thought of as many things: a pointlike object, an excitation of a field, a speck of pure math that has cut into reality. But never has physicists’ conception of a particle changed more ...

Forget about turtles; for all practical purposes, it’s really particles all the way down. Consider the seemingly simple matter of their size, the very thing that makes them so alien. We’re typically ...

Breaking the rules is exciting, especially if they have held for a long time. This is true not just in life but also in particle physics. Here the rule I'm thinking of is called “lepton flavor ...

What Are Atmospheric Aerosols Exactly Aerosols refer to fine solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere, where ...